A Complete Guide To Human Rights Law

Appendix 5: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (abbreviated)

India 2019

• Jammu and Kashmir.

In August, the government revoked Jammu and Kashmir's unique status (J&K) guaranteed by Article 370 of India's Constitution and divided the state into two union territories. Before and after this, there were regional suppression of civil liberties, increased militarization, interruption of communications, and the detention of prominent political leaders such as Farooq Abdullah, Omar Abdullah, and Mehbooba Mufti.

• Discrimination. 

Assam authorities issued the National Register of Citizens in August, in which nearly 2 million people were excluded, leaving them stateless. The only available remedy for those excluded from being stateless is through the Foreigners Tribunals, a quasi-judicial body. In many cases, litigation is arbitrary, and decision-making is biased and discriminatory, especially against women who were less likely to access identity documents to prove their status.

• Repressive Laws.

 Many repressive changes have been made to the law, such as the Citizenship Act, the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), the Transgender (Protection of Rights) Act, and the Right to Information (RTI) Act, etc.

• Freedom of Expression. 

Human rights defenders face enormous challenges in carrying out their activities, including arbitrary arrests, detentions, and prosecutions as a means of silence. Nine leading human rights activists arrested in 2018 under the Illegal Activities (Prevention) Act were arbitrarily detained for "launching a war against the country."

• Indigenous Peoples' rights.

On February 13, the Supreme Court ordered all forest residents' expulsion in India based on a petition from wildlife groups because states refused to retain their right to reside on traditional land under the Forest Rights Act. 

• Women's rights.

 Women continue to suffer from sexual and domestic violence, including their husbands and other relatives, and sexual harassment in the workplace, while perpetrators continue to be impunity.

• Communal and ethnic violence.

Racial hate crimes against Muslims and other religious groups, including Dalits and Adivasi (indigenous tribal peoples), and caste and gender-based crimes have occurred throughout the country.

Vigilante groups and mobs carried out many. Violent attacks included mob "lynching."

Characteristics of human rights

• Human rights are inalienable. This means that you cannot lose them because they are linked to the very fact of human existence; they are inherent to all human beings. 
• Human rights are indivisible, interdependent, and interrelated.
• Human rights are universal.

Eligibility To Become Human Rights Lawyer

A human rights lawyer is highly educated and experienced. It requires immense knowledge and practical foresight to defend against violations of human rights. Mentioned ahead are the minimum eligibility requirements that an aspirant needs to become a successful human rights lawyer.

• The candidates need to earn a law degree from an accredited and recognized law university/school and pass a state bar exam.
• Candidates can also go for specialization in human rights to get more profound knowledge of the subject. It also provides them with better insight into the violations of human rights.
• For becoming a human rights lawyer, some severe legal experience is required. Aspirants are required to start practicing by interning or working under a human rights lawyer. It helps them in gaining experience.
• Candidates can also choose to volunteer for an organization that specializes in human rights for the sake of acquiring knowledge and experience.

Potential Careers:

• Corporate governance officer.
• Foreign affairs adviser.
• Solicitor.
• Barrister.
• Policy developer.
• Researcher.
• Government and public sector consultant.
• International development consultant.

Universal human rights also obscure freedom of opinion, speech, thought, and religion.

• All human beings are free and equal. 
• No discrimination.
• Right to life. 
• No slavery. 
• No torture and inhuman treatment. 
• Same right to use law. 
• Equal before the law.
• Right to the treated fairly by the court.
• No unfair detainment.
• Right to trial.
• Innocent until proven guilty.
• Right to privacy.
• Freedom to movement and residence.
• Right to asylum.
• Right to nationality.
•  Rights to marry and have a family.
•  Right to own things.
• Freedom of thought and religion.
•  Freedom of opinion and expression.
• Right to assemble.
• Right to democracy.
• Right to social security.
• Right to work.
• Right to rest and holiday.
• Right of social service.
• Right to education.
• Freedom around the world.
• Right of cultural and art.

Here Are The 5 Types Of Lawyers That Make The Most Money

1. Medical Lawyers – $150,881 annually.
2. IP Attorneys – $140,972 annually. 
3. Trial Attorneys – $101,086. 
4. Tax Attorneys – $99,690 annually. 
5. Corporate Lawyer – $98,822 annually

Human rights advocates have a responsibility to ensure fair and equal treatment of all citizens. These advocates may focus on specific groups of people, such as people with mental health problems or people receiving Medicaid services. Various organizations, such as health care institutions or larger international organizations such as the United Nations, need human rights advocates. The job responsibilities of this profession will vary depending on the organization and population it serves. General job responsibilities may include:

• Working with clients to obtain necessary services.
• Developing educational literature and conducting training sessions within their community.
• Collaborating with government and social services agencies to ensure equal access to services.

Human rights advocates can conduct social research to assess needs better and assist in developing appropriate plans. These advocates can also provide training for junior staff. Human rights advocates can serve as consultants to government agencies.

Here is the list of the top 10 highest paid lawyers in India, according to Legally India.

• K.K. Venugopal
• Gopal Subramaniam
• P.Chidambaram

Fali Nariman

• Harish Salve
• Abhishek Manu Singhvi
• C. Aryama Sundaram
• Salman Khurshid
• K.T. S. Tulsi. 

A Lawyer?

The term "lawyer" is often used to refer to a wide range of legal professionals. However, generally speaking, a lawyer refers to anyone who has received legal training. Anyone who has gone to law school and obtained a bachelor's degree in law is a lawyer. This means that you cannot represent a client in court without any other qualifications or professional appointments if you are just a lawyer. Your legal training qualifies you to act as a legal counsel or policy counselor or provide legal advice. 

An Advocate?

An advocate is a professional lawyer representing the client in the court. Unlike an attorney, an advocate does not deal directly with the client – instead, when the case calls for it, the attorney refers the client to an advocate.

The Right to Freedom guarantees to the citizens of India six Fundamental Freedoms:

1. Freedom of Speech and Expression.
2. Freedom of Assembly.
3. Freedom to form associations.
4. Freedom of Movement.
5. Freedom to reside and to settle.
6. Freedom of the profession, occupation, trade, or business.

Functions and powers of the National Human Rights Commission 

• The National Human Rights Commission investigates complaints about violations of human rights either suo moto or after receiving a petition.
• It has the right to intervene in any judicial process involving allegations of human rights violations.
• It can visit any prison or any other institution under the state government's control to view the inmates living conditions and make recommendations. 
• It can review the Constitution's safeguards or any law protecting human rights and propose appropriate remedies.
• The National Human Rights Commission is responsible for and promoting research in the field of human rights.
•  National Human Rights Commission works to spread human rights literacy among various sections of society and promotes awareness of the safeguards available to protect these rights through publications, media, seminars, and other means.
• The Commission takes an independent stand and provides opinions on protecting human rights within the Constitution's vocabulary or in law for the time being enforced.
• It has the authority of a civil court and can grant temporary relief.
• It also has the right to recommend compensation or damages.
• The credibility of the NHRC is fully reflected in the large number of complaints received each year, and citizens also have trust in this.
• It can recommend both the central and state governments take appropriate steps to prevent human rights violations. It submits its annual report to India's President, who causes it to be laid before each House of Parliament.

1. 10-point Agenda To Improve Human Rights In India

2. Protecting people's rights to freedom of expression and privacy.
3. Curbing discrimination and violence based on gender, gender identity, or sexual orientation.
4. Ensuring justice for Dalits, Adivasis, and religious minorities who have faced rights abuses.
5. Ending the use of arbitrary detention and reducing excessive undertrial detention
6. Strengthening human rights institutions and protecting human rights defenders
7. Improving the functioning of the criminal justice system and ending the use of the death penalty
8. Protecting the rights of migrant workers, asylum seekers, and refugees
9. Holding armed forces accountable for human rights abuses
10. Protecting the rights of communities affected by public and private corporate-led projects
11. Building a culture of respect for human rights in India and around the world

15 Ways To Check Your Rights From Violations

1. Know your rights.
2. Never give a bribe.
3. Insist on your rights. 
4. Educate the violator. 
5. Be ready to commit your time. 
6. Never let go when you are violated. 
7. Expose the culprit and publish your encounter. 
8. Challenge your violation in court.
9. Take pictures, video, or voice recording to back up your claims.
10.  Protect the right of others.
11.  Never violate others.
12. Speak politely and softly, not forcefully with rude words.
13. Be correct and stay upright.
14. Follow up till the end.
15. Educate everyone around you.

The UDHR was drafted by the Commission on Human Rights – created by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations in May 1946 – and was adopted by the UNGA in December 1948.

Written and oral contributions were made towards the formation of the UDHR on various themes such as:

1. Women's rights (India insisted on the word 'men' be replaced with 'human beings');
2. Non-discrimination (India added the words 'color' and 'political opinion' as criteria for non-discrimination);
3. Freedom of movement (India added the article calling for freedom of movement within a country);
4. The right to work (India added the principle of 'just and favorable conditions of work');
5. Secularism, multiculturalism, cosmopolitanism, indivisibility, and the universality of all human rights.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights

https://nlla-india.webs.com/

https://www.indialawyers.org/

https://www.nla.org/

https://www.uianet.org/en